Relative Pronoun

Relative Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan salah satu pokok kalimat atau bagian kalimat lainnya yang menghubungkan dua buah kalimat menjadi satu kalimat majemuk (compex sentence). Kata-kata yang digunakan sebagai penghubung yaitu: who, whom, whose, which, where, when.

a. Who/that: Yang
    - Digunakan untuk pengganti orang sebagai subjek
   -  Penggunaan relative pronoun “who/that”
We know a lot of people. They live in Canada
We know a lot of people who live in Canada

The man. He lives next door – is very friendly
The man who lives next door is very friendly

Contoh:
The man was an eyewitness
He wrote about the explosion

b. Whom/that: Yang
   - Digunakan untuk pengganti objek (pengganti unsur objek yang hilang)
The man who wrote about the explosion was an eyewitness
 - Penggunaan relative pronoun “whom/that”

The man wanted to see him. He was away on holiday.
The man whom/that I wanted to see was away on holiday.

The girl fell in love with the man. I met him last year
The girl fell in love with the man whom/that I met last year.

Note:
Objeknya hilang karena sudah diganti dengan “whom/that” bentuk relative pronoun yang objek dalam salah satu bagian kalimatnya mengandung preposisi (in, at, for, to dll).

I know the girl. Tom talking to her now.
I know the girl to whom Tom is talking now.

c. Which/ that = yang (untuk benda/binatang)
- Digunakan untuk menggantikan benda/binatang, baik kedudukannya dalam
kalimat sebagai subjek maupun sebagai objek (pengganti unsur benda yang
hilang).
- Contoh Penggunaan “which/that”

I don‟t like stories – they have unhappy endings.
I don‟t like stories that/which have unhappy endings.

The window – it was broken – it has now been repaired
The window which was broken has now been repaired

Note:
1. Unsur benda yang hilang karena sudah diganti dengan what/that
2. Relative pronoun yang salah satu bagian kalimatnya mengadung preposisi
diletakkan sebelum kata “which”.
Example: This is the club. He is the president of it
     This is the club of which he is the president

d. Whose = yang(untuk manusia)
-Digunakan untuk menggantikan kata ganti kepunyaan: my, your, our, his, their, its, her (possessive   adjective). Dengan kata lain, “whose” digunakan untuk menggantikan unsure kepunyaan yang dihilangkan.
- Penggunaan “whose”
Example:
We saw the people. Their car has been stolen
We saw the people whose car had been stolen

The other day I met the man. I visited his friend
The other day I met the man whose friend I visited

e. Where = in which (dimana)
- Digunakan untuk menggantikan salah satu bagian kalimat yang menunjukan tempat.
- Penggunaan “where”

Example:
The hotel – We stayed there – it wasn‟t very clean.
The hotel where we stayed wasn‟t very clean.

I recently went back to the town. I was born there.
I recently went back to the town where I was born.

f. When = yang (benda/ manusia)
- Digunakan untuk menggantikan keterangan waktu. Dengan kata lain bahwa relative clause when menggantikan salah satu keterangan waktu dalam salah satu bagian kalimat yang lain.
-Penggunaan “when”

Contoh Soal:
1. The President Director of bank Utama ............ is being accused of corruption will be taken
to court.
(A) Whom     (D) which
(B) Who        (E) where
(C) Whose

2. “Who is Ismail Marzuki?”
“Well, he is the composer ......... many people consider one of the great in Indonesia.”
(A) Whom     (D) whose
(B) Who        (E) where
(C) Which

3. I live in the town ........ he was born
(A) Whom     (D) whose
(B) Where     (E) who
(C) Which

4. This is the latest news about the kidnapping of the richest businessman in town ........ we
received a few minutes ago.
(A) Whom        (D) whose
(B) Of which     (E) who
(C) Where

Ket. Waktu Relative Clause
She came
We got there
on the day
at the time
when

5. I spoke to the man ........... wife had been admitted to the hospital.
(A) Who        (D) which
(B) Whom      (E) in which
(C) Whose

6. A person ............. comes to live in big cities for a few years usually notice that lifestyle seem
to change very fast.
(A) Who                  (D) whose
(B) From whom       (E) in which
(C) Of which

7. People ........... business have been slowing down recently are so depressed that they suffer
from various diseases.
(A) Whose            (D) whom
(B) In which          (E) who
(C) That

8. Teachers ........... do not spend enough time on class preparation often have difficulty
explaining new lesson.
(A) Who           (D) where
(B) That            (E) whom
(C) In which

9. He introduced me to the lady ........... I met at the station
(A) Whom        (D) with which
(B) Whose       (E) where
(C) Which

10. The oldest known bison fossils have been found in China and in the Himalaya foothills
.an animals with all the essential features of the genus lived a million years ago .........
(A) Where              (D) which
(B) From whom      (E) whose
(C) To which

sumber: http://cilad.unissula.ac.id/download/ModuleTOEFL.pdf

Conjunction

1. Besides (preposisi) semakna dengan „in addition to‟ yang berarti „lagi pula‟, „selain‟ yang berfungsi menambah informasi. Kata ini mengawali noun/ prononun/ gerund.

Example:
Besides doing the cooking, I look after the garden
Besides this house, Fini has a beach home
Besides (adverb) berarti „lagi pula‟ mengawali klausa,

I can‟t go now; I am busy. Besides, my passport is out of date.
Fitri doesn‟t want to go, besides she has already been there. Kata „moreover‟  dapat menggantikan „besides‟ dalam situasi yang lebih formal.

2. However (namun demikian)
Mengawali kata sifat/ kata keterangan. Pernyataan yang di awali „however‟ berkontradiksi dengan pernyataan lainnya.

Example:
You could not earn much, however hard you work.
However semakna dengan „but‟, „nevertheless‟, yang mana sering mengawali suatu kalimat. I‟d like to go; however, I don‟t have the time.

3. Otherwise (sebaliknya, kalau tidak)
Menyatakan kemungkinan akibat yang tidak di harapkan kalau pernyataan sebelumnya/ lainnya tidak terpenuhi.

  Example:
We must be early; otherwise we won‟t get seat.
Conjunction „or‟ bisa menggantikan kedudukan otherwise, selain menyatakan pilihan.

4. So (sehingga, oleh karena itu, makannya)
Menunjukan akibat yang terjadi dari pernyataan sebelumnya.

Example:
Our cases were too heavy, se we took a taxi.
Apabila „so‟ mengawalli kata sifat (adjective)/ kata keterangan (adverb) „so‟  harus di rangkai dengan kata „that‟ dan membentuk arti „begitu … sehingga…‟
Example:
They ran so fast that I couldn‟t beat them. (I couldn‟t beat them because they ran fast)

5. Therefore (Oleh Karenanya)
Therefore‟ mengawali kalimat yang menunjukan akibat dalalm suatu kalimat sebab-akibat.
Example:
There is fog on Chicago; therefore, the place has been diverted.
Conjunction consequently hampir sama dengan „therefore‟.

6. Still and yet sebagai conjunction mempunyai arti sama yaitu „namun‟
menunjukan sesuatu yang kontradiksi.

Example:
They are ugly and expensive; yet/still, people buy them.

7. Though/ although, in spite of/ despite (walaupun)
Menunjukan kalimat yang bertentangan. Although selamanya diikuti klausa sedangkan in spite of/ despite mengawali frase (noun/pronoun/gerund).

Example:
Though/ although he had no qualification, he got the job.
In spite of having no qualification, he got the job.
Although it was windy, he continued the cruise.
In spite of/ despite the wind, he continued the cruise.

8. For, because, since (karena)
Digunakan dalam kalimat sebab akibat.

Example:
Since/because it was wet, he took a taxi.
The days were short, for/since it was not

9. As/ when/ while (ketika, tatkala/ sementara)
Menunjukan waktu saat terjadinya sesuatu.

Example:
My father came as/ when I was studying.
Namun terkadang „as‟ bisa bermakna ganda: tatkala atau karena.

10. Whereas (padahal)
   Example: She can‟t travel whereas she has a lot of money

Contoh Soal:

1. We are now ___ dependent no computers that it is hard to imagine what things would be
like today without them.
(A) after (C) such (E) as well as
(B) Before (D) so

2. In the future, computers will be ___ a complex device that no individual could hope to
understand how they work.
(A) however (C) such (E) until
(B) so   (D) since

3. “What did your father say when you told him you had lost all your money?”
He was so angry ___ he couldn‟t say anything.
(A) therefore (C) that (E) when
(B) after (D) so

4. „Why didn‟t you print your report at home?‟
„I ran out of ink for my printer. It‟s ___ expensive that I can‟t afford it.‟
(A) such (C) so (E) very much
(B) very (D) such an

5. “Was there any violence during last week‟s demonstration?”
“No, ___ there were thousands of demonstrators”
(A) since (C) because (E) in spite
(B) even though (D) as

6. Smoking can be the cause of many illnesses and respiratory disorders; ___, it may harm
non smokers.
(A) whereas (C) in addition (E) otherwise
(B) however (D) nevertheless

7. “Mom, why do you insist on my wearing a jacket?”
“ ___ I‟m sure it‟s going to be very cold?”
(A) Until (C) Although (E) Even though
(B) Since (D) So that

8. “How was the exam?”
“It was not easy ___ I am sure I can pass.”
(A) And (C) therefore (E) so
(B) but (D) causequently

9. ___ there people have died of cholera, the old people of the village refuse to get an injection
against it.
(A) Although (C) In spite of (E) As
(B) Because (D) Since

10. ___ most people know that the success of a television show is measured by its rating‟s, few
know exactly how show are rated.
(A) Although (C) Since (E) Because
(B) However (D) Nevertheless


sumber: http://cilad.unissula.ac.id/download/ModuleTOEFL.pdf

To infinitive

To infinitive adalah kata kerja bentuk pertama yang disertai to beberapa aturan penggunaan to infinitive adalah sebagai berikut.
Agree  
Appear  
Arrange  
Ask  
Attempt
Be (dis)
 inclined  
Be annoyed  
Amazed  
Be delighted
Decide  
Be disappointed
Be disturbed
Be expected
Be supposed
Be (un) qualified
Beg
Care
Can afford
Choose
Need Desire
Expect
Fail
Guarantee
Happen
Hope
Manage
Learn
Mean Plan
Promise
Refuse
Seem
Tend
Threaten
Wish
Want
Be displeased

Example:
They want to join us
My father promised to buy me a new jacket
Alice plans to visit her uncle this weekend
It seems to be good

Dibawah ini adalah jenis kata kerja yang bisa diikuti oleh to infinitive ataupun
gerund
(Can) afford
Attempt
Begin
Bother Continue
Deserve
Dread
Forget Hate
Intend
Like
Prefer Regret
Remember
Start
Try

Example:
I prefer to have egg for my breakfast this morning
I prefer having egg for my breakfast this morning
The teacher starts to thing about the issue
The teacher stars thinking about the issue

Adjective berikut harus di ikuti to infinitive bilamana di ikuti oleh:
a. Kata kerja
               [Adjective + to infinitive]
(im) possible
(in) competent
(un) able
(un) ashamed
(un) happy
(un) lucky
(un) willing
(un) wise
(un) likely Afraid
Apt
Bound
Careful
Certain
Difficult
Eager
Easy
Free Glad
Good
Hard
Impatient
Interest
Nice
Quick
Ready
Relevant Slow
Sorry
Stupid
Sure
Surprised
Sweet
Welcome
Worried
Wrong

Example:
He was unable to come on time this morning
It is very hard to believe that he is one of the suspects of the bank robbery.

b. Setelah Objek Accusative
          [Object Accusative + to infinitive]

Example:
They get us to clean the cars
Mr. Benson asked peter to bring his laptop to his room.

c. Setelah Kata Tanya (Question Word)
             [Question word + to]

Example:
We know how to operate the machine
You do not know what to, so please shut up!!

Contoh soal :
1. ___ Clothes can often be very time consuming
(A) They buy (C) in buying (E) buying
(B) To be buying (D) Man buys

2. She was very sad because her father did not approve of ___ too often.
(A) I saw her (D) Me seeing her
(B)Me to see her (E) That I see her
(C) My seeing her

3. Why don‟t you want Jacky to be the team leader?‟
    Well, I don‟t like ___ people around!‟
(A) His ordering         (D) he orders
(B) Why he orders  (E) with his ordering
(C) He is ordering

4. Would   you mind ___ until I finish typing this letter?
(A) To wait (C) wait   (E) waiting
(B) To be waiting (D) will wait

5. Although Ronald has denied ___ the money, they are still suspecting him.
(A) Stolen (C) to steal (E) have stolen
(B) Steal   (D) stealing

6. Franky is working hard for his examination, he avoids ___ too much.
(A) To be going out  (C) Go out (E) going out
(B) To go out (D) goes out

7. “Do you like Franky?”
“Yes, I am looking forward ___ his play tomorrow.”
(A) Seeing   (C) to see (E) See
(B) To be seeing (D) to seeing

8. My brother, who was not used to ___ a room with someone else, was quite unhappy
when he couldn‟t have his own room in the dormitory.
(A) Sharing   (C) be sharing (E) being shared
(B) Share   (D) be shared

9. He was sentenced to two year‟s imprisonment after he confessed ___.
(A) Steal the jewels
(B) When stealing the jewels
(C) He stole the jewels
(D) To having stolen the jewels
(E) To be stealing

10. “Why don‟t you ask Mr. Arbidin for a donation?”
“Well, you know that he is not generous. So it is no use ___ him.
(A) To ask (C) to be asking  (E) Ask
(B) You ask   (D) Asking


sumber: http://cilad.unissula.ac.id/download/ModuleTOEFL.pdf

LONG CONVERSATION (Percakapan Panjang)

Pembicaraan panjang seringkali berkisar tentang beberapa beberapa aspek dari sekolah (betapa sulitnya sebuah mata kuliah,  bagaimana menulis sebuah makalah penelitian,bagaimana cara mendaftar untuk kursus, dsb)  atau tentang kehidupan secara umum (menyewa apartemen, bermain olahraga, pergi ke bank). Percakapan juga dapat berupa kehidupan umum di Amerika Serikat (desalinasi pasokan air,  daur ulang produk yang digunakan,  kerusakan dari badai atau tipe lain dari fenomena alam). Percakapan panjang akan diikuti beberapa buah pertanyaan yang merujuk dari tema yang sama.

Example:
On the recording you hear:
(narrator) : Question 1 through 4. Listen to a conversation between two people
                 who are decorating an appartment.
(woman)  : Hey, Walt. Do you think you could help me hang these pictures on
                 the wall? There are only two of them.
(man)       : Sure, Monica. Where do you want them to go?
(Woman) : I’d like to picture of the mountains over the fireplace, and I’d like the
                   picture of my family over the sofa. What do you think?
(man)       : I think they’ll look fine there. How about if you hold the pictures while I
                 hammer the nails into the wall?
(woman) : Okay. Let’s start with the picture of my family.

Contoh soal:
1. On the recording you hear:
(narrator) : What are the man and woman discussing?
In your test book you read:
(A) Taking some pictures
(B) Hanging some plants
(C) Taking a trip to the mountains
(D) Putting some pictures on the wall
Karena si wanita meminta si pria itu untuk membantu menggantung gambar-gambar di dinding, jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan ini adalah jawaban ini (D), menarik beberapa gambar di dinding.

2. On the recording you hear:
(narrator): How many pictures are there?
In your test book you read:
(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Four
Pertanyaan kedua bertanya berapa banyak gambar yang ada, dan si wanita dengan jelas  mengatakan bahwa ada dua, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah jawaban (B).

3. On the recording you hear:
(narrator) : Where is the picture of the woman‟s family going?
In your test book you read:
 (A) in the fireplace
(B) Above the sofa
(C) Home with Walt
(D) To the top of the mountain
Pertanyaan ketiga bertanya  tentang lokasi  gambar keluarga. Wanita itu mengatakan bahwa dia akan meletakkannya di atas sofa, jadi jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan ini adalah jawaban (B), di atas sofa.

4. On the recording you hear:
(narrator) : What is Walt probably going to do next?
In your test book you read:
(A) Sit on the sofa
(B) Photograph Monica‟s family
(C) Hammer the nails into the walls
(D) Climb the walls
Pertanyaan terakhir menanyakan apa  yang  mungkin akan  dilakukan oleh Walt. Walt telah menyarankan bahwa ia harus memasang paku-paku ke dinding, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah jawaban (C).

sumber: http://cilad.unissula.ac.id/download/ModuleTOEFL.pdf

Skill 1

1. Pengertian TOEFL
TOEFL merupakan singkatan dari Test Of English as a Foreign Language. TOEFL adalah standardisasi kemampuan bahasa inggris seseorang secara tertulis yang meliputi empat aspek penguasaan: Listening, Writing dan Reading.

2. Tujuan Test TOEFL
TOEFL memiliki dua tujuan umum yaitu: Academic dan General. Tujuan akademik TOEFL adalah  untuk tujuan pendidikan, penelitian atau yang berhubungan dengan kegiatan akademis di luar negeri, ataupun di Indonesia. Untuk paska sarjana, biasanya nilai minimal adalah 550 sedangkan untuk S1 adalah 500.Tujuan umum (general) pada umumnya digunakan dalam bidang pekerjaan, kenaikan pangkat atau tugas kerja. Banyak perusahaan yang memasang standar bahasa inggris karyawannya dengan melihat nilai TOEFL. Umumnya, nilai TOEFL minimal adalah 500 untuk kenaikan pangkat standar.

3. SKILL 1: RESTATEMENT (Pernyataan Kembali)
Seringkali jawaban yang benar untuk sebuah pertanyaan dalam bagian  dialog  pendek adalah jawaban yang berisi penyajian kembali ide-ide dalam baris terakhir dari dialog.

Example:
On the recording, you hear:
(Woman)  : Steve, is something the matter? You don’t look very good
(Man)       : Oh, I’m feeling a little sick today
(Narrator) : What does the man mean?
In your test book you read:
(A) He‟s very good looking
(B)He’s a bit ill
(C) He looks worse than he feels
(D) His feet are a little thick

Contoh Soal :
Garis bawahi ide pokok dari dialog singkat dibawah.
1. (woman) : What do you like about your new house?
(man)      : It’s very close to a park
(woman) : What does the man mean?
(A) The house is closed up now
(B) He parks his car close to his house
(C) His home is near a park
(D) He doesn‟t really like his new house

2. (man)   : Mark said some really nice things to me
(woman) : He’s very grateful for what you did
(narrator): What does the woman say about Mark?
(A) He did a great job
(B) He bought a crate full of fruit
(C) He made a great fool of himself
(D) He‟s thankful

sumber : http://cilad.unissula.ac.id/download/ModuleTOEFL.pdf (diakses tanggal 8 April 2012)